![bentley water cad system unbalanced bentley water cad system unbalanced](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/uAHDyBd5pFQ/hqdefault.jpg)
Lactate dehydrogenase A-dependent aerobic glycolysis promotes natural killer cell anti-viral and anti-tumor functionĪuthors: S Sheppard, EK Santosa, CM Lau, S Violante, P Giovanelli, H Kim, JR Cross, MO Li, JC SunĪn innovative NRF2 nano-modulator induces lung cancer ferroptosis and elicits an immunostimulatory tumor microenvironmentĪuthors: CH Hsieh, HC Hsieh, FS Shih, PW Wang, LX Yang, DB Shieh, YC Wangīach2 attenuates IL-2R signaling to control Treg homeostasis and Tfr developmentĪuthors: H Zhang, D Dai, Q Hu, F Yang, Y Xue, F Li, N Shen, M Zhang, C Huang Thus, IL‑2 may be a key cytokine in the natural suppression of autoimmunity (13, 14). IL‑2 plays a central role in the expansion and maintenance of regulatory T cells, although it inhibits the development of Th17 polarized cells (10‑12). It contributes to T cell homeostasis by promoting the Fas‑induced death of naïve CD4 + T cells but not activated CD4 + memory lymphocytes (9). It drives resting T cells to proliferate and induces IL‑2 and IL‑2 R alpha synthesis (1, 2). IL‑2 is best known for its autocrine and paracrine activity on T cells. Upon ligand binding, signal transduction is performed by both IL‑2 R beta and gamma c. The 64 kDa common gamma chain gamma c/IL-2 R gamma, which is shared with the receptors for IL‑4, ‑7, ‑9, ‑15, and ‑21, does not independently interact with IL‑2. The 75 kDa IL‑2 R beta, which is also a component of the IL‑15 receptor, binds IL‑2 with intermediate affinity. The 55 kDa IL‑2 R alpha is specific for IL‑2 and binds with low affinity. The receptor for IL‑2 consists of three subunits that are present on the cell surface in varying preformed complexes (6‑8). Mouse and human IL‑2 exhibit cross‑species activity (5). It shows strain‑specific heterogeneity in an N‑terminal region that contains a poly‑glutamine stretch (4). Mature mouse IL‑2 shares 56% and 73% aa sequence identity with human and rat IL‑2, respectively. It is expressed by CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, gamma δ T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, and eosinophils (1‑3). Interleukin‑2 (IL‑2) is a O‑glycosylated four alpha ‑helix bundle cytokine that has potent stimulatory activity for antigen‑activated T cells.